External fixation here in Naples Florida

External fixation may look very high-tech, and maybe even scary.  However, external fixation has been used in one way or another since almost 2400 years ago.  External fixation techniques were described by Hippocrates, and were used in treating tibia fractures.  External fixation is a minimally invasive technique to reduce displaced fractures and has become a very important part of deformity correction and nonunion and pseudo arthrosis repair as well.

Jean François Malgaigne was one of the many pioneers that made advancements with external fixation devices.  In 1846, Malgaigne used a device that consisted of a clamp and four metal prongs to reduce and stabilize a fracture of the patella, or kneecap.  Following this external fixation device many other similar inventions were used to treat fractures in various locations.  In 1938, Raoul Hoffman made advancements that made external fixation even more useful, and allowed surgeons to place pins into a fracture for stabilization with guidance, while being minimally invasive.  In 1951, Dr. Gavriil A. Ilizarov developed the external fixation device that is still in use today.  Ilizarov’s fixation device consists of a metal frame that encircles the limb, and is attached to underlying bone by pins.  Threaded rods and hinges allow movement of the bone to the correct alignment.  Ilizarov’s external fixator is great because adjustments can be made without opening the fracture site, and the device provides stability. Also it can be converted to internal fixation once the soft tissues have become less swollen. 

Modern day external fixation not only provides stability to a fracture, but can also be used for soft tissue deformities, as well as other bony deformities.  External fixation is preferred when slow correction is required, and even more useful in high risk patients with vascular disease and even open fractures with high risk of infection.  The chance of getting a blood clot is lessened because with external fixation patients can be partial weight bearing, or weight bearing as tolerated following the procedure due to the stability that the fixation provides.  External fixators have been used for other bony deformities, such as Charcot, ankle arthritis, and clubfoot.  External fixation can also be used to lengthen amputated foot and toe stumps.  External fixation has definitely helped many people, but there are still some cons.  Pain and infections are two issues associated with external fixation, and rates vary depending on the extent of the procedure, and the location of the device.  External fixation devices are used by specially trained physicians and all three of the doctors at FFLC are capable of utilizing these various techniques for patients that require such interventions.  

Brian Timm, DPM, FACFAS

Board Certified by the American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery in Foot and Reconstructive Rearfoot and Ankle surgery

Limb Preservation: Total Contact Casting

Diabetics with neuropathic ulcers affect at least one quarter of all diabetics in the United States, and according to Wounds Research, approximately 1 in 5 of these individuals will eventually require an amputation of their foot. Total contact casting has recently become more popular as an option for foot protection, and to mediate the excessive wear and tear that some diabetic foot sores suffer.

What is total contact casting?

As the name suggests, this technique, which is used by many diabetic foot specialists, is a thin cast that is applied to the entire plantar surface area of the foot, as well as the lower leg. Based on its design, the cast can take up as much at 92 percent of the pressure from the ulcer site. Since ulcers often occur on parts of the foot or leg that are repeatedly impacted through daily movement, it is important that they receive as much padding as possible without affecting an individual’s normal walking patterns. Although total contact casting provides relief from certain pressures, the cast works with the natural human gait to make sure that no section of the foot or leg is required to take on excessive weight or pressure.

Does it always work?

Total contact casting has been shown to be effective in the healing of foot and lower leg ulcers, but only those that are noninfected. According to current research, the success rate is between 72 and 100 percent in most patients. A study conducted at the University Hospital Maastricht in the Netherlands examined how total contact casts would fare on infected patients, and of the 28 patients in the study group, only 36 percent showed signs of healing. The study group recommended that individuals with infected diabetic ulcers look toward alternative treatments for healing, according to the American Diabetes Association.

Surgery may become necessary in conjunction with acute infections.

Blister Protocols

Blisters are caused by skin friction. Your foot is sliding or shifting in your shoe during running and other activities. Fluid collects between the irritated layers of skin tissue and swells. Blister treatment should help to avoid infection, minimize pain and discomfort, stop swelling and maximize recovery.  

Most of the time patients are not presenting in the office with this as a chief complaint unless it is infected or not healing readily, but patients often ask me how to treat them. Here is a good guide in general for you to follow, keep in mind this does not include DIABETICS, as you all should not treat your own wounds without my help.

Brian Timm, DPM, FACFAS

Diplomate American Board of Podiatric Surgery 

For an​​ intact blister:

• Apply a piece of moleskin, adhesive felt or tape that is 1.5 to 3.25 inches larger than the blister, with a central hole slightly larger than the blister
• .Apply antibiotic ointment.
• Place a piece of gauze over the moleskin, felt or tape and add a piece of adhesive tape to hold the gauze in place.

Over-the-counter products such as Mueller® More Skin or Spenco® 2nd Skin® work well for blister relief and protection.

If you are going to continue running, drain blisters in weight-bearing areas that are greater than 0.8-inch in diameter. Follow these steps:

1. ​​Clean the site with an alcohol wipe or hydrogen peroxide.
2. Use a flame sterilized needle to lance two to four holes in the side of the blister.
3. Apply pressure to push out the fluid. Clean and dry the skin.
4. Apply benzoin around the blister. 
5. Apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment at the puncture sites. Do not remove the outer layer of dead skin.
6. Apply a blister care product. 
7. Check the site daily.

If the fluid appears hazy or cloudy in the blister, drain it. Apply antibiotic ointment and a protective covering. Check the site frequently.

For a r​uptured blister:

1. Treat with antibiotic ointment over the blister and use a protective covering. 
2. If the outer layer is torn off or only a flap is left, carefully cut off the loose skin, clean the area and cover the new skin with antibiotic ointment. Use a protective covering such as Tegaderm, or some other variant over the counter. 
3. If infection is present, clean the site frequently, apply antibiotic ointment and see your health care provider for more treatment options.

Myths about wound care

1) Wound Care Centers are the gold standard for healing all wounds.

All too often we see a wound such as the one pictured above, and as a second or third opinion we need to manage this patient because the wound is not healing. Wound care centers are usually very good at treating superficial wounds, but in the foot and especially in the area of the digits, we find that even a "small superficial dry ulceration of the hallux" can be a surgical emergency because of the proximity of bone and tendon in this area and are often not treated entirely well in a wound care center which is filled with nonsurgical wound care doctors. 

2) Diabetics don't heal well.

This is not always the case in a patient who has a dopplar examination of the lower extremities, and is found to not have any significant vascular disease. If you are eating 3 meals a day, and are not on dialysis chances are you have healing potential and just need better offloading, aggressive surgical debridement, and possibly a localized bone debridement or tendon procedure. We often team up with vascular surgeons, infectious disease doctors, and endocrinology doctors to help achieve optimal conditions to prevent amputations. 

If your foot and ankle wounds are not improved after 4 weeks of care, you need to see a wound care specialist board certified in foot and ankle surgery.



Brian Timm, DPM, FACFAS